Hum Psychopharmacol. 2026 Nov;41(6):e70067. doi: 10.1002/hup.70067.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Caffeine is consumed for its presumed cognitive benefits, yet controlled studies have repeatedly failed to find effects on inhibitory control. Cross-sectional work suggests that people with elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms may benefit from chronic, moderate caffeine consumption, but whether acute intake improves cognition in proportion to symptom severity has not been tested experimentally.
AIMS: We tested whether 250 mg of caffeine improves active inhibition (withholding a prepared response) and reactive inhibition (resolving response conflict), and whether ADHD symptom severity moderates these effects.
METHODS: In a preregistered, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, a nonclinical sample of 36 young adults received 250 mg of caffeine or placebo in counterbalanced order, with testing 45 min after ingestion. Active inhibition was assessed with a Go/No-Go task (204 trials), reactive inhibition with an arrow flanker task (200 trials) and symptoms with the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale. Mixed-effects models included treatment, symptom severity, their interaction and ten covariates; Bayes factors quantified evidence for the null.
RESULTS: Both tasks produced their benchmark effects (dz = 1.24 and 1.09) and all indices were reliable (split-half r = 0.73-0.98). Caffeine affected neither commission errors (BF01 = 4.98), response criterion (5.14), Go reaction time (2.83), reaction time variability (4.35), flanker reaction time (5.49) nor flanker accuracy (5.09). ADHD symptoms moderated no effect (15 preregistered tests; smallest p = 0.514), yet predicted performance itself (flanker accuracy r = -0.42), indicating that the null is not due to an insensitive measure.
CONCLUSIONS: Caffeine produced no acute benefit for either form of inhibition, and ADHD symptoms did not moderate its effects. Bayes factors supported the absence rather than the nondetection of these effects, arguing against an acute improvement of inhibitory control that scales with ADHD symptom severity in nonclinical young adults. Whether this also holds for chronic consumption or for adults with diagnosed ADHD remains to be tested.
PMID:42830444 | DOI:10.1002/hup.70067
