J Athl Train. 2026 Sep 2;61(9):647-657. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0761.25. eCollection 2026 Sep.
ABSTRACT
CONTEXT: Unbalanced or uncoordinated activity across either the scapulohumeral or the scapulothoracic muscle may impair scapulohumeral rhythm during arm elevation.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the effects of progressive resistance exercises (PREs), integrated with and without facilitatory motor-control exercises (MCEs), on scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic myoelectric activities in overhead athletes diagnosed with secondary subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS).
DESIGN: Randomized controlled clinical trial.
SETTING: Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center.
PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Overhead athletes diagnosed with secondary SAIS were assigned randomly to 3 parallel groups: 2 intervention groups and 1 control group.
INTERVENTIONS: All groups received contemporary physical therapy modalities every other day for 8 weeks. Intervention groups I and II also completed scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic PREs, integrated, respectively, with and without facilitatory MCEs targeting infraspinatus and lower trapezius muscles.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic myoelectric activities were recorded during scapular arm abduction between 80° and 110° before and after the prescribed treatment protocols.
RESULTS: Scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic PREs reduced the corresponding myoelectric activities during scapular arm abduction within the groups (P ≤ .02, partial η2 ≥ 0.127). Facilitatory biofeedback-guided exercises integrated into PREs preserved scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic myoelectric activities (P ≤ .03), excluding teres minor myoelectric activity (P > .99).
CONCLUSIONS: Scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic PREs reduced the corresponding muscle activations during scapular arm abduction in overhead athletes with secondary SAIS. Facilitatory MCEs targeting infraspinatus and lower trapezius muscles, integrated into PREs, preserved scapulohumeral and scapulothoracic muscle activations.
PMID:42730437 | PMC:PMC13568725 | DOI:10.4085/1062-6050-0761.25
